The availability of bomb-making instruction on the Internet has been a cause célèbre amongst lawmakers and politicians anxious to curb the Internet frontier by censoring certain types of information deemed "dangerous" which is available online. "Simple" examples of explosives created from cheap readily-available ingredients are given.[1]
The Federal Bureau of Investigation reported 1,699 criminal bombings in 1989, but the number had risen to 3,163 five years later.[2]
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Supporters of digital rights argue that managers of Internet traffic do not have a right to deep packet inspection, the automated system of analyzing what information is being transmitted, for example refusing to deliver a packet with the words "bomb instructions" and alerting authorities to the ISP that requested the information.[3] They suggest that "we never seem to hear" about how the same instructions, including those for building nuclear devices,[4] have been available in public libraries for decades without calls for censorship.[5] In the late 19th century, Johann Most compiled Austrian military documents into a booklet demonstrating the use of explosives and distributed it at anarchist picnics without repercussion.[4]
Mike Godwin, then of the Electronic Frontier Foundation, claimed that journalists have played a key role in linking the creation of "bombs" with "the Internet" in the public conscious.[5]
Critics of the prosecution of Sherman Austin, an American anarchist charged with publishing instructions on the Internet, have pointed out that the Wikipedia article on Molotov cocktails contains more detailed instructions on the construction of homemade explosives, than Austin's website did.[6][7]
Most American websites offering bomb-making instructions would not face civil liability, since Hess v. Indiana and Waller v. Osbourne determined that free speech restrictions can only be applied if the goal was "producing imminent lawless conduct" among a single target group – which is not the case for a website available to a large swath of the population – making the situation comparable to music advocating violence or suicide in its lyrics.[8]
| Internet | ||
|---|---|---|
| General and Detailed Guides | ||
| Internet · Topic outline of the Internet | ||
| Detailed list of Internet topics | ||
| Major Aspects and Issues | ||
| Demographics of the Internet · Digital divide | ||
| Digital rights · Global Internet usage | ||
| History of the Internet · Internet democracy | ||
| Freedom of information · Net neutrality | ||
| Internet privacy · Internet phenomenon | ||
| Functions | ||
| World Wide Web · Voice over IP (VoIP) | ||
| Email · File sharing · File transfer | ||
| Instant messaging · Internet fax | ||
| Internet gaming · Mobile VoIP | ||
| Underlying Infrastructure | ||
| Internet Protocol (IP) | ||
| Internet Protocol Suite (TCP/IP) | ||
| Internet service provider (ISP) | ||
| Regulatory Bodies | ||
| Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) | ||
| Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN) | ||
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In 1986, prior to the widespread use of the Internet, police investigated the sharing of a computer print-out from a digital manual entitled the "Complete Book of Explosives" written by a group calling itself "Phoenix Force", as students shared the list with classmates and experimented with building many of the bombs it listed.[9]
After the 1994 Oklahoma City bombing, anonymous usenet posts criticised the construction of the bomb, and offered suggestions on how to overcome the failure of the bomb to do its maximum intended damage.[10] On March 23 1996, the full text of the Terrorist Handbook was published online, including instructions on building the bomb used in the bombing, with the suggested upgrades.[10] When Mohammed Usman Saddique was arrested in 2006, he was charged with "possessing a document or record containing information of a kind likely to be useful to a person committing or preparing an act of terrorism" for having a copy of the manual on CD-ROM.[11]
Also in 1994, a thread on the National Rifle Association's bulletin board a user named Warmaster detailed how to make bombs out of baby food jars.[12]
A 1996 copy of the left-wing online German magazine Radikal hosted on a Dutch server provided detailed instructions of how to sabotage railroad lines.[13] In March of that year, a New South Wales MP called for legislation regarding internet access for youth, following reports of a boy injuring himself while trying to follow a bomb recipe online.[14]
Through 1998, the common view of the instructions was that they were used by curious youth anxious to build explosives simply as a dangerous experiment "with no intention of hurting anybody".[15]
Police claim that they found printed copies of bomb-making instructions downloaded from the Internet in the bedroom of Thomas Solomon, the perpetrator of the 1999 Heritage High School shooting.[16]
Also in 1999, David Copeland planted nail bombs in London, killing 3 people and injuring 139, based on techniques discussed in The Terrorist's Handbook and How to Make Bombs: Part Two, which he had downloaded from the internet.[17]
The militant pro-life movement Army of God also provided information on constructing bombs in preparation for anti-abortion violence on their website.[18]
In 2001 at al-Qaeda's hastily evacuated operations center in Afghanistan, journalists uncovered evidence that the organization used the internet to research rudimentary bomb-making.[19]
In Finland in 2002, "RC" discussed bomb-making techniques on the internet on a Finnish website whose moderator displayed a picture of his own face on Osama bin Laden's body, and then RC set off a bomb that killed seven people, including himself.[17]
The report "How to Bomb Thy Neighbor: Hamas Offers Online 'Academy'" describes a Hamas online interactive 14-lesson course for Muslims on bomb-making, as part of a campaign to increase the number of bomb-makers.[17][20]
In 2004, a Palestinian group posted an online video showing the proper construction of suicide vests, hoping to support the Iraqi insurgency.[21]
The 2004 Madrid train bombers, who killed 191 people and wounding 1,800, downloaded their bomb-making instructions from the internet.[22]
The Canadian Saad Khalid admitted that he had downloaded bomb-making materials online in 2006, leading to the 2006 Toronto terrorism case.[23]
Isa Ibrahim was a teenager when he made a “suicide vest” bomb from instructions on the internet, and planned to detonate it in a crowded shopping mall; he was sentenced in England in July 2009 to a minimum of ten years in jail.[24]
Najibullah Zazi, an al-Qaeda member who pleaded guilty in February 2010 to a plot to bomb the New York City Subway system, engaged in internet research on the components for making explosive devices.[25]
| “ | "It should simply not be possible to leave people free to instruct other people on the internet on how to make a bomb – that has nothing to do with freedom of expression" | ” |
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—Franco Frattini, Vice President of European Commission[26] |
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In 1995, Dianne Feinstein produced a bill to the United States Senate making it illegal to distribute bomb-making information, punishable by a $250,000 fine and 20 years' imprisonment.[27] Two years later, the body voted 94–0 in favor of implementing it.[28] Although it was frequently said to be in response to Timothy McVeigh's Oklahoma bombing, he had actually used two traditional hard-copy books titled Homemade C-4, A Recipe for Survival and Ragnar’s Big Book of Homemade Weapons and Improvised Explosives. Critics later pointed out both books were still for sale at Amazon.com, suggesting that legislators were not concerned about the true dissemination of such information.[29] When lawsuits erupted over DeCSS technology available over the Internet, allowing users to "crack" DVD encryption, the founders questioned why bomb-making instructions were legal, while software cracks that simply cost corporations money were not.[30]
In 2004, German authorities forced a seventeen-year old to shut down his Web site, entitled Der Abarisch Sturm after he posted detailed instructions of how to build a bomb.[13] That year, French police also arrested a computer student in Alfortville who claimed he had posted similar instructions "for fun."[13]
A 2007 attempt by the European Commission to suppress bomb-making websites by making ISPs criminally liable for allowing a user to view such a page was ridiculed by The Register as "fantastically ignorant of internet realities"[26][31]
Web sites offering advice on construction explosives are labelled as "Refused Classification" in Australia, as it is deemed to violate "all acceptable community standards".[32]